# Electronics Agenda to Analog & Analog to Agenda Converters

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17 July 14:00   Signals in the absolute apple tend to be analog. For archetype the baptize akin in a catchbasin or the acceleration of car as abstinent by a tacho-generator. In adjustment to action them with a agenda circuit, we charge to catechumen them to agenda signals. Conversely, already the agenda signals are processed, they haveto generally be adapted aback to an analog signal. An archetype would be processing an audio arresting digitally and sending it to a speaker. The apostle requires an analog signal.

An Analog to Agenda Advocate (ADC) takes an analog ascribe arresting and converts the input, through a algebraic function, into a agenda achievement signal. While there are some means of implementing an ADC, there are three conceptual accomplish that occur.

#The arresting is sampled.

#The sampled arresting is quantized.

#The quantized arresting is digitally coded.

By sampling we about-face a continuous-time action which may yield on always some ethics at altered times into a discretised action that may yield on always some ethics at altered detached indices.

Sampling about is done with a Sample-And-Hold ambit (simple abstracts can be done using a capacitor and switch). To be able to reconstruct the arresting we haveto accede the which says that a sampling abundance alert the accomplished abundance were assured is needed.

Quantization is the action of demography a connected voltage arresting and mapping it to a detached amount of voltage levels. The amount of voltage levels affects the quantization babble that occurs. Back agenda computers are bifold in nature, the amount of quantization levels is usually a ability of 2, i.e.,

$N = 2^n$

where n is the amount of quantization bits.

The arresting may be amplified or attenuated afore traveling into the ADC, so that the best and minumum voltage levels accord the best accommodation amid resolution of the arresting levels and abuse of clipping.

Coding is the action of converting the quantized signals into a agenda representation. This coding is performed by giving anniversary quantization akin a different label. For instance, if four \$.25 are used, the everyman akin may be (in binary) 0000, and the next accomplished akin 0001, etc.

An Agenda to Analog advocate (DAC) takes a agenda arresting and converts it, through a algebraic function, into an analog signal. Again, the DAC may be implemented in a amount of ways, but conceptually it contains two steps.

#Convert anniversary time move of the agenda arresting into an actuation with the adapted energy. In a absolute system, this could be able by creating abbreviate pulses that accept the aforementioned voltage, but whose absolute ability is adapted by alteration the beating length. This beating alternation produces a arresting whose abundance acknowledgment is alternate (and apparently extends to infinity).

#Apply a low-pass clarify to the time arrangement of impulses. This removes all of the high-frequency periodicities, abrogation alone the aboriginal signal.

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